Canon EOS 10D - Digital Camera SLR Bedienerhandbuch

CANON INC. 30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, JapanU.S.A. CANON U.S.A. INC.For all inquiries concerning this camera, call toll free i

10Handling PrecautionsThe Camera(1) This camera is a precision instrument. Do not drop it or expose it to physical shock.(2) The camera is not waterpr

100Using the Built-in FlashIf the subject is too far away and beyond the effective range of the flash, the < > iconwill blink. Get closer to the

101Shooting with a Flash7Set the flash exposure compensationamount.•Turn the < > switch to < >, then turn the < >dial to set the des

102Flash Shot with Speedlite 550EX•In difficult focusing conditions, the AF-assist beam is emitted from the 550EXSpeedlite, and automatically linked t

103Shooting with a Flash7MODE SELEPILOTHFlash Shot with Speedlite 550EXFull Auto FlashUsing the < > (Program AE) mode with E-TTL autoflash is de

104Flash Shot with Speedlite 550EX High-Speed Sync (FP Flash)When the Speedlite 550EX is set to high-speed sync < > mode, it can automaticallys

105Shooting with a Flash7Flash shot with Speedlite 550EXMacro Ring Lite MR-14EX and Macro Twin Lite MT-24EX can also be used as themaster unit, and Sp

106TTL and A-TTL Autoflash SpeedlitesUsing Non-Canon Flash UnitsSync SpeedThe EOS 10D can synchronize with compact, non-Canon flash units at shutter s

107Image Playback88 Image PlaybackThis chapter explains how to view and erase images and how toconnect the camera to a TV monitor.When attempting to p

108Image PlaybackYou can view images in different ways. Besides selecting and viewing a single image, you canview the image with shooting information,

109Image Playback8Image PlaybackPress the < > button.•While a single image is displayed, press the<> button.•You can change the displayed

11IntroductionHandling Precautions(3) If an LCD display becomes soiled, clean it with a commercially available blower brush, orwipe it with a soft clo

110Nine thumbnail images are displayed on one screen. Index DisplaySet the camera to the playback mode.•Press the < > button.sThe last captured

111Image Playback8The selected image can be magnified by 1.5x to 10x on the LCD monitor./ Magnified ViewDisplay the image to be magnified.•Display the

112Image Playback Image JumpWhile single image, image with shooting information, index, or magnified image is displayed,you can jump images ahead or b

113Image Playback8Image PlaybackAutomated Playback of Images (Auto playback)This function automatically and continuously displays all images recorded

114Image Playback Rotating an ImageThe Rotate function can rotate an image 90° or 270˚ clockwise. This allows you to play imageswith the correct orien

115Image Playback8Connecting to a TVYou can connect the EOS 10D to a television (using the video cable provided with yourcamera) to display your recor

116Image ProtectionYou can protect images to prevent accidental erasure.On the menu, select [Protect].•Press the < > button.•Turn the < >

117Image Playback8Display the erase menu.•Press the < > button.sThe erase menu will appear at the bottom of thescreen.•In step 2, you can press

118 Erasing an ImageErasing All ImagesSet the camera for playback.•Press the < > button.sThe last captured image will appear on the LCDmonitor.1

119Image Playback8Formatting the CF CardThe CF card must be formatted before it is used in the EOS 10D camera. Also, if you see themessage “” (CF card

12Quick Start GuideFocus on the subject.Look through the viewfinder andplace the AF point over thesubject. Then press the shutterbutton down halfway t

120

121Direct Printing from the Camera99Direct Printingfrom the CameraBy using the dedicated cable to connect the camera to a card photoprinter or Canon B

122Direct PrintingConnect the Camera to the PrinterBy connecting the camera to a card photo printer (optional) or Canon BJ printer (optional)compatibl

123Direct Printing from the Camera9Connect the Camera to the PrinterTurn the < > switch to < >.(→p.30)1Set up the printer.•For details, re

124Connect the Camera to the Printer Connecting to a Canon BJ PrinterTo connect the camera and printer with the necessary cable, refer to the manuals

125Direct Printing from the Camera9PrintingYou do all the printing operations with the camera.Select the image to be printed.•Check that the < >

126PrintingWhen Stopping the PrintingWith a card photo printer:If only one print is being printed, you cannot stop the printing. If multiple prints ar

127Direct Printing from the Camera9Printing OptionsFor direct printing, you can set the number of copies, the printing style, and the printing area(tr

128Printing OptionsOn the direct printing screen, select[Style].•Turn the dial to select [Style], then press < >.sThe [Style] setting screen wil

129Direct Printing from the Camera9Printing Options•If you select [Multiple], part of the image will be cut off vertically and horizontallywhen printe

13IntroductionQuick Start Guide•To check other images you have taken, see“Reviewing Images” (→p.42) and “ImagePlayback” (→p.108).•To erase images you

130Printing Options•Moving the trimming frame•Turn the < > dial to move the trimming framehorizontally or vertically.•To move the trimming frame

131DPOF: Digital Print Order Format1010DPOF: Digital PrintOrder FormatWith DPOF (Digital Print Order Format), you can specify whichimages in the CF ca

132Print Order1 Order the prints from thecamera.2 Just insert theCF card intothe printer foreasy printing.2 Take the CF card to a printingservice for

133DPOF: Digital Print Order Format10 Print OrderSelecting the Images to be PrintedYou can either select images individually or select all the images

134 Print OrderSet the printing quantity.•While looking at the quantity on the screen, turn the<> dial to set the desired quantity, then press&l

135DPOF: Digital Print Order Format10 Print OrderPrinting OptionsOn the menu, select [Print Order].•Press the < > button.•Turn the < > dia

136 Print OrderExit the set up screen.•Press the < > button. The print order screen willreappear.5The imprinted date will be the date set with t

137DPOF: Digital Print Order Format10Direct Printing with DPOFConnect the camera to the printer.(→p.122)1With a printer compatible with direct printin

138Direct Printing with DPOFStopping the Printing (→p.126)Resuming the Printing•On the direct printing screen, after printing is stopped, turn the <

139Menu Settings1111Menu SettingsYou can set the camera’s various settings with on-screen menus.Especially settings for shooting are called Custom Fun

14NomenclatureReference page numbers are indicated by (→✽✽) .DIGITAL terminal(→123, See “EOS 10DSoftware Instructions.”)VIDEO OUT terminal (→115)Remot

140Menu SettingsQualitySets the recording quality of the image to be saved in theCF card. (→p.46)Select any of the following: [Large] [Large ][Medium]

141Menu Settings11 Menu SettingsColor temp.For setting the color temperature directly to match the colortemperature detected by any hand-held color te

142 Menu SettingsPrint OrderImages in the CF card can be selected for printing and theprinting quantity can also be specified. When this commandis giv

143Menu Settings11Setup Menu Menu SettingsAuto rotateEnables the camera orientation (horizontal or vertical)information to be recorded together with t

144 Menu SettingsCustom Functions (C.Fn)For setting Custom Functions to suit the user’s preferences.(→p.145, 146)Clear settingsClear all camera settin

145Menu Settings11Setting Custom FunctionsCustom Functions are camera functions which you can set to suit your shooting preferences.To set a Custom Fu

146Custom Function SettingsC.Fn-01 SET button func. when shootingYou can assign a different function to the < > button.In the case of C.Fn-01-1/

147Menu Settings11 Custom Function Settings2: AF/AF lock, no AE lockIn the AI Servo AF mode, you can press the <> button tostop the AF operation

148 Custom Function SettingsC.Fn-07 AF point registrationBy registering a frequently-used AF point as the home position(HP), you can instantly switch

149Menu Settings11 Custom Function Settings2: –,0,+/EnableStarts the bracketing with a decreased exposure (or bluerwhite balance).3: –,0,+/DisableStar

15IntroductionNomenclatureTripod socketBattery compartment cover (→24)Date/time battery compartment cover (→155)Battery compartment cover release leve

150 Custom Function SettingsC.Fn-13 Assist button functionChanges the function of the < > button.0: NormalPressing the <> and < > bu

151Menu Settings11 Custom Function SettingsC.Fn-16 Safety shift in Av or TvSafety shift can be set for the shutter-priority AE and aperture-priority A

152 Clearing All Custom FunctionsYou can reset all the Custom Function settings to [0].On the menu, select [Clear settings].•Press the < > butto

153Maintenance1212MaintenanceThis chapter explains how to set the camera’s date and time, re-place the date/time battery, and clean the image sensor.1

154Setting the Date and TimeSet the date and time as shown below. The date and time are recorded with the image file foreach captured image.On the men

155Maintenance12Replacing the Date/Time BatteryFor the date/time battery, be sure to use a CR2025 lithium battery.The date/time battery maintains the

156Cleaning the Image Sensor (CMOS)The image sensor is like the film in a film-based camera. If any dust or other foreign matteradheres to the image s

157Maintenance12 Cleaning the Image sensor (CMOS)Terminate the cleaning.•Set the < > switch to < >.sThe camera will turn off and the shutt

158

159Reference1313ReferenceThis section will help you understand your camera better. It coversbasic shooting concepts, camera specifications, system acc

16NomenclatureThe above diagram shows the LCD panel with all icons and indicators displayed. In actualuse, the items displayed differ according to the

160Basic TerminologyAEAbbreviation for auto exposure. It is an automatic metering and exposure system that sets theoptimum exposure (shutter speed and

161Reference13Basic TerminologyApertureThe aperture value (f/number) indicates the size of theaperture opening in the lens. It is equal to the focal l

162Basic Terminology12Depth of fieldThis is the range where acceptable focus can be achieved in front of and behind the point offocus. The smaller the

163Reference13Function Availability TableAF Modes and Drive ModesMode DialJPEGRAWAutoManualAuto WBPreset WB • Custom WBColor temp. • WB-BKTOne-ShotAI

164Exposure Warning List1) Increase the ISO speed.2) Use flash.1) Decrease the ISO speed.2) Attach a neutral density filterto the lens.1) Turn the <

165Reference13AE Lock EffectsProgram LineAF point selectionMetering methodEvaluative meteringPartial meteringCenter-weighted averageAuto selectionAE l

166Shutter Speed and Aperture Value ReadoutsShutter speed readoutThe shutter speed is normally displayed in 1/2-stop increments. Numbers from “ ” to “

167Reference13On-screen MessagesThe messages displayed on the LCD monitor are as follows.Busy The camera is either processing the data or writing the

168On-screen MessagesSet Date/Time The date/time has not been set. Captured images will not have thecorrect image capture date/time.DescriptionMessage

169Reference13On-screen MessagesCannot print! The image was captured by another camera or in an incompatibleformat. Or the image has been edited with

17IntroductionNomenclatureThe above diagram shows the LCD panel with all icons and indicators displayed. In actualuse, the items displayed differ acco

170On-screen MessagesWaste tank full To resume printing, press the BJ printer’s Reset button. Have thewaste ink tank replaced by your dealer or servic

171Reference13Error CodesIf a camera error occurs, “ xx” will be displayed on the LCD panel. Follow the instructionbelow according to the error code

172Troubleshooting GuideThe battery has almost exhausted.sRecharge the battery. (→p.22)Camera is not operating properly.sPress the shutter button down

173Reference13Troubleshooting GuideThe CF card is not properly loaded.sLoad the CF card properly. (→p.28)The CF card is full.sUse a new CF card or era

174Major Accessories (optional)E-Series Dioptric Adjustment LensesOne of ten E-series dioptric adjustment lenses (–4 to +3diopters) can be attached to

175Reference13Major Accessories (optional)Macro FlashThe EX-series Macro Lites are ideal for macro flashshooting.You can fire only one or both flash t

176System MapAC Adapter Kit (Optional)ACK-E2220EXST-E2 420EX 550EXMacro Ring LiteMR-14EXBundledAccessoriesMacro Twin LiteMT-24EXRubber Frame EbAngle F

177Reference13System MapVideo Cable VC-100TV/VideoBJ printer for direct printingCard Photo PrinterInterface cable IFC-300PCU• EOS DIGITAL Solution Dis

178Specifications• TypeType: Digital, single-lens reflex, AF/AE camera with built-in flashRecording medium: Type I and II CF cardImage size: 22.7 mm

179Reference13SpecificationsMagnification: 0.88x (–1 diopter with 50mm lens at infinity)Eye point: 20 mmDioptric adjustment range: –3.0 - +1.0 diopter

18Nomenclature11111 Basic zone•All you do is press the shutter button. : Full Auto (→p.38)Allows you fully automatic shooting—the camera makes all the

180SpecificationsShutter speeds: 1/4000 - 30 sec. (1/2- or 1/3-stop increments), bulb, X-sync at1/200 sec.Shutter release: Soft-touch electromagnetic

181Reference13Specifications• MenusMenu categories: Shooting menu: Red, Playback menu: Blue, Setup menu:YellowLCD monitor language: 12 languages provi

182IndexAA-DEP ... 88AC Adaptor Kit ... 19,26Accessories ...

IndexImage Sensor ... 156Index print ... 135Index Display ...

19IntroductionNomenclatureBattery ChargerCB-5LDC coupler plug (→p.26)Plug into DC coupler socketof AC adaptor AC-E2.AC Adaptor KitACK-E2 (optional)DC

Thank you for purchasing a Canon product.The EOS 10D is a high-performance, single-lens reflex, AF digital camera with an ultra-fineCMOS sensor having

20•In the text, the <> icon indicates the Main Switch.All operations described in this Instruction Manual assume that the<> switch is alre

21Before You Star t11Before You StartThis chapter explains a few preliminary steps and the basic opera-tion of the EOS 10D camera.Attaching the StrapP

22Recharging the BatteryConnect the power cord.•Connect the power cord to the charger.•Connect the power plug to an AC outlet.1Remove the cover.•Store

23Before You Star t1Recharging the Battery•Do not recharge any battery pack other than Battery Pack BP-511 or BP-512.•The battery continues to dischar

24Installing and Removing the BatteryInstalling the BatteryLoad a fully charged BP-511 battery pack into the camera.Open the battery compartment cover

25Before You Star t1Installing and Removing the BatteryRemoving the BatteryOpen the battery compartment cover.•Slide the lever in the direction shown

26Using a Household Power SupplyWith AC Adapter Kit ACK-E2 (optional), you can connect the camera to a household poweroutlet. Then you do not have to

27Before You Star t1Mounting and Detaching a LensMounting a LensRemove the caps.•Remove the rear lens cap and the body cap byturning them as shown by

28Installing and Removing the CF CardThe captured image will be recorded onto the CF card (optional).The camera is compatible with Type I and Type II

29Before You Star t1Installing and Removing the CF CardRemoving the CF CardOpen the cover.•Set the < > switch to < >.•Check that the “ ” m

3IntroductionEquipment Check ListBe sure all the following equipment and accessories have been included with your camera. Ifanything is missing, conta

30Basic OperationMain SwitchShutter ButtonThe camera operates only after the <> switch is set to < >.< > : Set to this position when

31Before You Star t1Basic OperationUsing the Electronic DialsThe < > or < > dial is for setting shooting settings and selecting and settin

32Menu OperationsThe on-screen menus enable you to set various settings such as the image-recording quality,date and time, Custom Functions, etc. Whil

33Before You Star t1Menu Operations•Even while the menu is displayed, you can immediately go back to shooting mode bypressing the shutter button halfw

34Menu OperationsMenu Selections and Default Settings: Default setting∗1: Does not appear in the menu when the Basic zone (→p.37) is selected.∗2: Does

35Before You Star t1MenuOperationsLCD MonitorThe color LCD monitor on the back of the cameraenables you to review and select recorded imagesand set va

36Dioptric AdjustmentHolding the CameraBy adjusting the diopter to suit your eyesight (with or without eyeglasses), the viewfinderimage will look clea

37Fully Automatic Shooting22Fully AutomaticShootingThis chapter describes how to use the camera’s Basic Zone modes< > < > < > < &

38 Fully Automatic ShootingYou can easily and confidently capture any subject, with no need to do anything but press theshutter button. The Canon EOS

39Fully Automatic Shooting2 Fully Automatic Shooting•If the CF card becomes full, the CF Full message “ ” appears on the LCDpanel and in the viewfinde

4ContentsEquipment Check List ... 3Handling Precautions ... 10Quick Start Guide

40Programmed Image Control ModesSelect a shooting mode to suit the target subject, and the camera will be set to obtain the bestresults.PortraitThis m

41Fully Automatic Shooting2Programmed Image Control ModesSportsThis is for sports and fast-moving subjects when you wantto freeze the action.•The came

42Reviewing ImagesImage ReviewThe image can be displayed on the LCD monitor immediately after you shoot. You can set oneof three image review options:

43Fully Automatic Shooting2Reviewing ImagesMENUChanging the Review TimeYou can set the image review time to [2 sec.], [4 sec.], [8 sec.], or [Hold] wh

44

45Settings for Shooting33Settings forShootingThis chapter explains the settings for shooting digital images: Image-recording quality, ISO speed, white

46Image-Recording QualityYou can select one of seven image-recording quality settings. (For the Basic Zone modes,<> is not selectable.)Images re

47Settings for Shooting3 Image-Recording QualityProcessingProcessing is the alteration of the raw image data captured with the camera’s CMOS imagesens

48 Simultaneous Capture in RAW and JPEG FormatsIn the < > image-recording quality mode, a JPEG image is recorded simultaneously andembedded with

49Settings for Shooting3Setting the ISO SpeedThe ISO speed is a numeric indication of the sensitivity to light (→p.158). A higher ISO speednumber indi

5IntroductionContents12345678910111213 Shutter-Priority AE ... 82 Aperture-Priority AE ...

50 Selecting the White BalancePress the < > button. ( )1Select the white balance setting.•While looking at the LCD panel, turn the < > dia

51Settings for Shooting3White Balance SettingsIcon ApplicationColor Temperature (Kelvin)The camera sets the white balance automatically.Approx. 3000-7

52Custom White BalanceWith custom white balance, you shoot a white object that will serve as the standard for thewhite balance. By selecting this imag

53Settings for Shooting3 Setting the Color TemperatureYou can set the white balance color temperature from 2800 K to 10000 K (in 100 K increments).•Us

54White Balance Auto BracketingWith just one shot, three images having a different color temperature can be recordedsimultaneously. Based on the curre

55Settings for Shooting3White Balance Auto BracketingCanceling White Balance Auto Bracketing•Follow steps 2 and 3 to set the bracketing amountto <&

56–2:–1:0:+1:+2: Setting Processing ParametersThe image you capture can be processed automatically by the camera in accordance with theparameter setti

57Settings for Shooting3 Setting Processing ParametersWith the parameters already set, when you set the < > switch to < >, the camerawill

58Selecting a Color SpaceThe color space indicates the color reproduction range. The camera is compatible with thesRGB and Adobe RGB color spaces.On t

59Settings for Shooting3 File Numbering MethodsThe images you take are automatically assigned a file number from 0001 to 9999 and saved ina folder tha

6Digital Camera Model DS6031This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the followingtwo conditions: (1) This device m

60 File Numbering Methods•If the 999CANON folder is created, [Folder number full] will appear on the LCDmonitor. You can keep shooting up to file No.

61Settings for Shooting3 Setting Auto RotationDuring playback, vertical images can be displayed vertically after being rotated clockwise by90˚ or 270˚

62INFO. Checking Camera SettingsWhen the camera is ready to shoot, press the < > button to view the current camerasettings on the LCD monitor.Di

63Focusing44FocusingThe viewfinder has seven AF points. By selecting the optimum AFpoint, autofocusing can be executed while you maintain the desireds

64 Selecting AF ModeThe AF mode is the autofocusing method. The camera has three AF modes: 1. One Shot AFfor still subjects, 2. AI Servo AF for moving

65Focusing4 Selecting AF ModeOne-Shot AF for Still SubjectsFocus confirmation lightAF pointPressing the shutter button halfwayactivates AF operation a

66 Selecting AF ModeAI Servo AF for Moving SubjectsWhile you press the shutter buttonhalfway, the camera focuses continu-ously.•This AF mode suits mov

67Focusing4 Selecting an AF PointThe AF point can be selected automatically or manually. In the Basic Zone modes and < >mode, AF point selection

68 Selecting AF PointAutomatic SelectionDisplay all the AF points in red.•Press the < > button, then turn the < > or<> dial so that

69Focusing4Registering and Switching an AF PointBy registering the AF point you often use, you can switch to it instantly. You can register an off-cen

7IntroductionSAFETY PRECAUTIONS• Before using the camera, please ensure that you have read and understood the safetyprecautions described below. Alway

70 Registering and Switching AF PointSwitching to the Registered AF PointNormally, to switch to the registered AF point, you press the < > butto

71Focusing4When Autofocus Fails (Manual Focusing)Autofocus can fail to achieve focus (the focus confirmation light blinks) with certain subjectssuch a

72

73Selecting the Metering Mode and Drive Mode55Selecting the MeteringMode and Drive ModeEvaluative, partial, and center-weighted average metering modes

74Select a metering mode.•While looking at the LCD panel, turn the < > dialto set the desired metering mode.: Evaluative: Partial: Center-weight

75Selecting the Metering Mode and Drive Mode5Metering Modes Evaluative MeteringThis is an all-around metering mode suited even forbacklit subjects. Th

76 Drive Mode SelectionThree drive modes are provided:Single frame: Only one shot is taken when you press the shutter button.Continuous shots are take

77Selecting the Metering Mode and Drive Mode5 Self-timer OperationDrive Mode Selection / Self-timer Operation•If the CF card has little room left an

78Using the Eyepiece Cover Self-timer Operation / Using the Eyepiece CoverShoot.•Press the shutter button fully.sThe self-timer lamp will start blinki

79Advanced Operations66Advanced OperationsThe Creative zone features shooting modes that let you select theshutter speed or aperture value and change

8• Do not handle the power cord if your hands are wet. Handling it with wet hands may leadto electrical shock. When unplugging the cord, ensure that

80 Program AELike < > (Full Auto) mode, this is a general-purposeshooting mode. The camera automatically sets theshutter speed and aperture valu

81Advanced Operations6Program AEIf the shutter speed or aperture blinks, it means a correct exposure cannot be obtained.Although the image can be capt

82 Shutter-Priority AEIn this mode, you set the shutter speed and the camera automatically sets the aperture valueto suit the brightness of the subjec

83Advanced Operations6Shutter Speed DisplayYou can set the shutter speed in half-stop increments as shown below. The shutterspeeds from “” to “ ” indi

84Aperture-Priority AEIn this mode, you set the desired aperture and the camera sets the shutter speed automati-cally to suit the subject brightness.T

85Advanced Operations6Aperture Value DisplayYou can set the aperture in half stops as shown below. The higher the aperture value,the smaller the apert

86 Manual ExposureIn this mode, you set both the shutter speed andaperture as desired. To determine the exposure, referto the exposure level indicator

87Advanced Operations6 Manual ExposureDetermine the exposure.•Set the shutter speed or aperture value manually.•If the exposure level indicator < &

88 Automatic Depth-of-Field AEThis mode is for obtaining a wide depth of field automatically between a near subject and farsubject. It is effective fo

89Advanced Operations6Set the exposure compensationamount.•Turn the < > switch to < >, then look at theviewfinder or LCD panel and turn th

9IntroductionCAUTIONS• Avoid using, placing or storing the equipment in places subject to strong sunlight or hightemperatures, such as the dashboard o

90Auto Exposure BracketingWith autoexposure bracketing (AEB), the camera automatically changes the exposure level upto+/–2 stops in 1/2-stop increment

91Advanced Operations6•C.Fn-06-1, enables the exposure compensation amount to be set in 1/3-stopincrements. (→p.147)In this case, the AEB amount will

92 AE LockAE lock enables you to lock the exposure at a different place from the point of focus. Afterlocking the exposure, you can recompose the shot

93Advanced Operations6Bulb ExposuresWhen bulb is set, the shutter is open during the time you keep pressing the shutter button fully.Bulb is useful wh

94Mirror Lockup LCD Panel IlluminationMirror lockup is enabled with C.Fn-12-1. (→p.149) This prevents mirror-caused vibrationswhich may blur the image

95Shooting with a Flash77Shooting with aFlashThe EOS 10D can take easy, natural-looking flash shots with correctsubject illumination using E-TTL autof

96Using the Built-in FlashThe built-in flash lets you take the following kinds of flash shots with the ease of a normal AEshot.●E-TTL autoflashWith E-

97Shooting with a Flash7Using the Built-in FlashUsing the Built-in Flash in the Creative ZoneWhen using a Creative zone mode, press the < > butt

98Using the Built-in Flash•C.Fn-05-3 disables the built-in flash from firing. (→p.147)•C.Fn-15-1 enables 2nd-curtain sync with the built-in flash. (→p

99Shooting with a Flash7•When you press the shutter button down halfway, the red-eyereduction lamp indicator appears in the viewfinder.•Red-eye reduct